Nutritional information in fruits

AVAILABILITY OF NUTRIENTS IN FRUITS :-

VITAMINS:-

1. Vitamin A :- Mango> Papaya> Parsimon
2. Vitamin B1 (Thymin) :- Cashew Nut> Walnut> Almond> Pineapple
3. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) :- Bel> Papaya> Cashew Nut> Litchi
4. Vitamin C :- Barbados Cherry> Anwla> Guava> Lemon> Sweet Orange

CARBOHYDRATES:- Resin> Pineapple> Dates> Banana> Bel> Jamun

PROTIENS:- Cashew Nut(21.2%)> Almond(20.8%)> Walnut(15.6%)

FAT:- Walnut(64.5%)> Almond(58.9%)> Cashew Nut(46.9%)> Avocado(22.8%)

CARBONIC ACIDS:-

1. Citric Acid:- Berry> Citric Fruits> Guava> Pear
2. Malic Acid:- Apple> Banana> Cherry> Plum> Watermelon
3. Tartaric Acid:- Tamarind(Imli)> Grapes

MINERALS:-

1. Calcium:- Litchi> Karonda> Walnut
2. Iron:- Karonda> Dates> Walnut> Apple
3. Phosphorus:- Almonds> Cashew Nut> Walnut> Litchi

Instant horticulture by SN Gupta free download pdf

 Instant horticulture by Gupta - PDF

This book titled "Instant horticulture" by SN Gupta has been one of the best books on horticulture as far as students  that are preparing for JRF exams, ARS and for other state and central exams in which horticuture has been as a subject.

Its precise points and the contents have been presented in such a lucid manner that even novices in the field can easily grasp all the points and perform well in the exam.

It is one of the most sought books for Horticulture in the market.


Download this book as a pdf shortly from this link below..

*Links will be added shortly

LEMON GRASS

 

          Lemongrass (Cymbopogan flexuosus.) is the source of `Iemongrass oil' obtained from the leaves and shoot of the plant. 

Origin, distribution and production India.  

 

Description of the plant

          C.flexuosus var. flexuosus grows to height of about 3 m. The leaves of the plant are linear, lanceolate, 125 cm long and 1.7 cm broad. Panicles are very large, drooping lax, greyish or greyish green, rarely have a purple tinge, with the receme pairs in dense masses, spreading, 100-135 cm tall, slightly hairy, lower glumes of the sessile spikeletes 3-4, rarely 4-5 mm long, 1 mm wide, having 1-3 definite or obscure introcrainal nerves, shallowly concave with one or two depressions.

Sugandhi (OD-19) It is released from the Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Research Station, Odakkali,

Pragathi It is a clonal selection from OD-19 evolved at the Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow.

Praman Evolved through clonal selection from C.pendulus at the Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow. It is a tetraploid plant with profuse tillering habit.

RRL-16 It is evolved from C.pendulus and released for cultivation from Regional Research Laboratory, Jammu as Jammu Lemongrass        

CKP-25 It is a inter specific hybrid between C.khasianus and C.pendulus developed by Regional Research Laboratory, Jammu.

          In addition to the above `OD-408' from Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Research Station, Odakkali, RRL-39 from Regional Research Laboratory, Jammu and `Kaveri' and `Krishna' from Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Regional Station, Bangalore have been recently released as high yielding varieties for cultivation.

Bursera - Indian Lavender Tree

BURSERA

        

   Bursera, (Bursera delpechiana) belonging to the family Burseraceae, introduced to India from Mexico in 1920. The natives of Mexico called this tree as linaloe and Indian lavender tree and the oil as linaloe oil.

In Mexico, linaloe oil is distilled both from the wood and berries of wild trees. The characteristic sweet odour of the Mexican linaloe wood oil blends ever with lilac, jasmine and most other floral bouquets The Indian oil is superior in quality compared to the Mexican oil.

 The main constituent of Mexican linaloe oil is linalool (60-70%).

          The different parts of the plant from which the oil is extracted with their percentage are; foliage - 0.13-0.3 per cent, mature heart wood - 7-9 per cent - India, 2.5-3.0 per cent - Mexico, green fruits - 2 per cent, shade dried husk of picked berries - 10.0-14.0 per cent, shade dried husk of fallen berries - 14-18 per cent and roots - 0.27 per cent.

Description of the plant

          Bursera is a large deciduous tree. Male tree is medium sized, has a longer trunk and grows to about 7.5 m. Inflore-scence is a paniculate cyme with pubescent axis upto 10 cm long and contains 40-50 staminate flowers.  female tree attains about 6 m height and has larger leaves and some of them are 18 cm long. Leaves are imparipinnate, serrate or nearly entire. 

The inflorescence contains 8-20 pistillate flowers. Flowers are green, pentamerous; calyx small, lobes rounded, petals valvate in bud, stamens 10, nearly equal, ovary hairy sourrounded by a broad crenate disk. Fruit is a fleshy berry, a little larger than a pea, about 1 cm in diameter, dark green in colour turning to a reddish brown as they mature and fall off. 

          Species/Varieties

1. Bursera gumifera  American gum tree' or Indian birch or birds tree.

2. Bursera icilarita Tree bears edible aromatic fruits.

3. Bursera javanica Jawness of the leaves and fruits.

4. Bursera leptopholes Mature fruits are edible   

5. Bursera serratea Pulp is edible and also yield essential oil.

6. Bursera simaruba  Commonly called Rumb or `West Indian birch';

7. Bursera penicilliata  Every plant part contains essential oil

8. Bursera kluggis Yield triterpenes which have anticancer activity

Geranium

Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) The plant is also known as rose geranium. The chief constituent of the oil are geranial and citronellol. The pure geranium oil is almost a perfume by itself and blends well with all other perfumes. 

Origin and distribution

          Geranium is a native of cape province in South Africa. The world production of geranium oil is estimated at 250-300 tonnes whereas the demand is more than 500 tonnes, annually. The first planting of a high yielding Pelargonium graveolens, introduced from Renuion island was grown at Yercaud by a French planter, in early 20th Century. 

Description of the plant

          The commercial oil of geranium is obtained from  Pelargonium graveolens, (2n=88) of the family Geraniaceae. There are about 600 species of the genus Pelargonium. Other species like P.radula, P.fragrance etc.,

          Geranium is a bushy aromatic plant.

Stem is cylindrical, woody at base, pubescent, green when young, turning brown with age.

Leaves alternate, stipulate, simple, with 5 primary lobes and secondary lobes and densely pubescent. Leaves are highly aromatic in nature.

Inflorescence is umbellate and hairy.

Flower is bisexual, hypogynous, with pink corolla, two posterior petals larger, with reddish purple markings

Varieties

          1. Algerian or Tunisian This type of geranium is slender with dark pink colour. It is being grown in Nilgiris and is unsuitable for wet conditions. This yields 50-60 per cent more oil having a delicate odour than that of Reunion type.

          2. Reunion or Bourbon Grown in Nilgiris and Annamalais and the plant is more sturdy with light pink flowers and more suitable for wet conditions. Oil content is higher during summer months from April to June. The terminal portion with 6 to 12 leaves contain more oil than the middle and basal portions.

`KKL-1'. The Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore has found `Sel-8', a Reunio type, as the highest yielder under Bangalore conditions and has recommended it for cultivation. `Hemanti', `Bipuli' and `Kunti' are the other varieties released by CIMAP, Lucknow for cultivation in plains of north India.

ICAR JRF Horticulture questions part 2

ICAR JRF Horticulture Questions

12. In 2x3 factorial experiments with 3 replication then the degree of freedom will
be
a. 21 b. 28 c. 26 d. 30
13. Cole crops which has internal seed borne diseases are treated for
a. 200 C for 30 min b. 300 C 30 min c.400 C for 15 min d.500 C for 30 min.
14. Head to seed method of seed production followed in
a. Cabbage b. Cauliflower c. Onion d. Knol khol
15. Cashew is not commonly propagated by
a. Epicotyl grafting b. Softwood grafting c. Airlayering d. Cleft grafting
16. According to National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) which fruit has highest anti
oxidant content
a. Pineapple b. Banana c. Guava d. Sweet orange
17. Which fruit is suitable for jam making
a. Banana b. Pineapple c. Guava d. Sweet orange
18. ‘Indian Horticulture’ is published
a. Annually b. Quaterly c. Bimonthly d. Weekly
19. Vitamin-C is highest in
a. Aonla b. Barbados cherry c. Guava d. Grape
20. Blanching done for
a. Colour fixing b. Fermentation c. Sterilization d. Exhausting
21. In cushioning material of fruit packaging which of the following is used
a. Boric acid b. Ethylene c. ABA d. Potassium paramagnet
22. For cut flower packaging which of the following is used
a. Wooden boxes b. Corrugated fiber board boxes c. Plastic box d. Ply box
23. The crop highly tolerant to low pH is
a. Potato b. Cabbage c. Okra d. Onion
24. CH-1 is done by
a. CMS b. CGMS c. GMS d.None

ICAR JRF Horticulture JRF questions

ICAR JRF Horticulture Questions

1. Horticulture GDP to Agriculture is
a. 30% b. 15% c. 20% d. 10%
2. Dry farming is done where annual rainfall is
a . 1000mm b. above 750 but less than 1000mm c. less than 750mm d. More than 750
mm
3. CITH is located in
a. Jammu b. Bangalore c. Shrinagar d. Solan
4. ICARDA is located in
a. Tokyo b. Syria c. New York d. Nigeria
5. Commonly used Bactericide is
a. Mancozeb b. Streptomycine sulphate c. Sulfex d. Carboxin
6 Frozen materials there is need of
a. Rehydrated b. Thawed c. Dehydrated d. Cooled
7. Specimen plant in garden which does not shade lawn
a. Rain tree b. Christmas tree c. Bougainvillea d. Banyan tree
8 Mango hybrid which dwarf
a. Neelkiran b. Neeleshan c. Neeluddin d. Amrapali
9. Mallika hybrid between
a. Neelum x Dashehari b. Dashehari x Neelum c. Alphonso x Neelum d. Neelum x
Alphoso
10. Poly embryony variety of Mango is
a. Fazli b. Chandrakaran c. Langra d. Chusa
11. Leaf area is measured by
a. Alanometer b. Auxanometer c. Porometer d. Barometer