Horticultural universities in India

1. Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar Univ of Horticulture & Forestry 

Website: http://www.yspuniversity.ac.in

Email: vc@yspuniversity.ac.in, vcuhf@yahoo.com

Solan, Nauni-173230, Himachal Pradesh 01792-252363
Fax:01792-252242


2.Dr YSR Horticultural University

Website: http://www.drysrhu.edu.in
Email: vc@drysrhu.edu.in    

Adminstrative office, Venkataramannagudem, PB No. 7,

West Godavari Dist., Tadepalligudem-53410 , Andhra Pradesh
    08818-284311

3.University of Horticultural Sciences

Website: http://uhsbagalkot.edu.in/
Email: dandinbnm@gmail.com    

Sector No 60 Navanagar Bagalkot 587102
Karnataka     08354 201310

Horticulture MCQ - ICAR JRF- part 1

1 National Research Centre for Litchi is situated at:
a. Peddavagi b Anand c. Patna d. Muzaffarpur


2 International Network for Improvement of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP) is situated at
a. Washington USA b. Thirucirapalli TN c. Montpellire, France d. Rome Italy

3 Which fruit crop under family of Rosaceae is a evergreen i nature?
a. Apple b. Loquat c. Almond d. Peach

4 Protandry type of dichogamy obtained in
a. A. Squamosa b. Fig c. Pomegranate d. Passion Fruit

5 Gynodioecious cross pllinated fruit crop is
a. Grape b. Fig c. Banana d. Kokum

6 Etaerio of Achenes is type of fruit crop
a. Rasp berry b. Bullock heart c. Black berry d. Strawberry

7 Guava is a
a. Long day plant b. Short day plant c. Day neutral plant d. none of these

8 Rambutan is classified on the basis of their
a. Auto triploid b. Amphidiploid c. Auto tetraploid d. Auto hexaploid

9 Annona is a
a. Climactic fruit b. None climatic fruit c. Both a and b d. None of these

10 Mallic Acid is present in
a. Citrus b. Guava c. Cherry d. Pear

11 Which fruit crop is origin Indo-China
a. Jamun b. Mango c.Carambola d. Aonla

12 Chromosome number of star fruit and star apple is
a. 24, 36 b. 22, 34 c. 28, 38 d. 34, 18

13 Which is family of Cocao?
a. Sapindaceae b. Proteaceae c. Sterculiaceae d. Tilliaceae

14 Who is the father of Systematic Pomology
a. Linnaeaus b. Dr. R.N. Singh c. Woodhose d. De Candolle

15 Bunch top of Banana was first observed in 1891 in
a. Pune b. Rome c. Fiji d. None of these

16 Stimulative type of Parthenecarpy observed in
a. Fig b. Grape c. Pineapple d. Black Corianth var.

17 IIHR, Bangalore is established in
a. 1968 b. 1967 c. 1961 d. 1970

18 Recurrent type of apomisis is in
a. Apple b. Mangostem c. Javapluin d. Mango

19 Kinnow var. developed by Dr. H.B. Frost is
a. 1959 b. 1930 c. 1939 d. 1935

20 Redumentary tpe of fruit is observed in which variety of sweet orange ?
a. Hamlin b. Shamouti c. Washington Novel d. Pineapple


*comment your answers below :)

Multi storied planting -multistoried orchards

Multi-Storied Orchard

Eg: Coconut+Black pepper+cocoa+pineapple.
Arecanut+Vanilla+Banana+Pinapple.

• The principle involved in multistoried orchard is harvesting light at different height/story.

• The planting should be such that sunlight is harvested by different crops at different stories/levels/height and there won’t be any competition for soil nutrients, moisture and sunlight because the spread and distribution of roots at different crop component is distributed in different layers of the soil profile.

Difference between plantation and estate

Plantation

Plantation refers to a fairly large area where cultivation is done with a particular type of fruit crop.

Eg: Mango plantation, apple plantation, coconut plantation etc.

Estate

Estate refers to large area (more than 1000 acres) of sole crop cultivation. This terminology was used in earlier days (British empire).

Eg: Coffee estate and Tea estate.

Garden - a definition

Garden

The term garden refers to fruit farm, where sophisticated agro-techniques are employed for commercial cultivation.

Eg: Grape garden.
Specific crops:

1. Vineyard/vinery—grape garden
2. Pinery- Pineapple
3. Orangery—Orange garden

Orchard and Orcharding- definition

Orchard

Orchard refers to an area where intensive cultivation of fruit crops is done. Or it is an area where fruit crops like mango, citrus, papaya, banana etc. are cultivated. Or it is an enclosed area where a fruit /group of fruit trees are grown.


Orcharding


Orcharding refers to growing of fruit plants in an orderly manner and maintain them for successive economic returns.

Planting systems in horticulture

Square system

It is the most commonly used method and easy to layout in the field. In this system, plant to plant and row to row distance is the same. The plants are at the right angle to each other, every unit of four plants forming a square. This system facilitates the interculture in two directions after the orchard is planted.

Advantages

• Most easy and popular one.
• In this row to row and plant to plant distance is kept similar.
• Plants are exactly at right angle to each other.
• Interculture operations can be done in both the directions.
• Adequate space for inter-cultivation of remunerative crops like vegetables.
•  Square System of Planting

Rectangular system

In this system, the plot is divided into rectangles instead of squares and trees are planted at the four corners of the rectangle in straight rows running at right angles. Like square system, this system also facilitates the interculture in two directions. The only difference is that in this system more plants can be accommodated in the row keeping more space between the rows.

Advantages

• Lay out in rectangular shape.
• More space between row to row.
• Inter-cultural operations can be done in both the ways.
• Plants get proper space and sunlight.
•  Rectangular System of Planting

Hexagonal system

In hexagonal system, the trees are planted in the corners of equilateral triangles. Six trees thus form a hexagon with another tree at its centre. This system, though a little difficult for execution but accommodates 15 percent more plants. Cultivation of land between the tree rows is possible in three directions with this system. This system is generally followed where the land is costly and very fertile with ample provision of irrigation water.

Advantages

• Accommodates 15 % more plants than the square system.
• Plants are planted at the corner of equilateral triangle.
• Six trees are planted making a hexagon.
• The seventh tree is planted in the centre and called septule.
• This requires fertile land.

Disadvantage

• Lay out is difficult and cumbersome.
•  Hexagonal System of Planting

Quincunx system

This system is exactly like the square system but one additional tree is planted in the centre of each square.
The number of plants per acre by this system is almost doubled than the square system.

Fruit trees like papaya, kinnow, phalsa, guava, peach, plum etc. can be planted as fillers in the permanent trees provides an additional income to the grower in the early life of the orchard.
The filler trees are uprooted when the main orchard trees start commercial fruiting.



Contour system

This system is usually followed in the hilly areas with high slopes but it is very much similar to the square/rectangular system.
Under such circumstances, the trees may be well planted in lines following the contour of the soil with only a slight slope.
Irrigation and cultivation are then practiced only across the slope of the land as this practice reduces the chances of soil erosion.
In this system layout is done as in square/rectangular system, first by establishing the base line at the lowest level and then marking for the trees should be done from the base to the top.
Bench terraces are used where the slope is greater than 10 per cent.

Triangular system

In this system, trees are planted as in the square system but the plants in the 2nd, 4th, 6th and such other alternate rows are planted midway between the 1st, 3rd, 5th and such other alternative rows.
This system provides more open space for the trees and for intercrop.

Management of young nursery plants in horticulture

    Management of young nursery plants

        Irrigation: the young seedling should be frequently watered with low pressure. Excess and deficit of moisture is harmful. Proper care should be taken to avoid subsoil congestion through provision of proper drainage.

        Nutrition: Proper nutrition has profound effect on growth. The growing media should have liberal dose of manures and decomposed organicmanure. A light and frequent dose of nitrogen will boost the growth of young seedlings.

        Weed control: The nursery should be kept weed free including roads and channel to avoid chances of further spread.

        Plant protection: In the initial stages the seedlings are more prone for pest and diseases. Therefore, prophylactic measures should be undertaken.

            Common pests: Ants, Snails, Rodents, Cutworms and sucking pests.

            Diseases: Collar rot, Damping off, Nematodes, Wilt

Essential Components of a nursery in fruit crops

A nursery should consist of the following components

    Building Structures:

        This includes office, sale counter, packing shed, potting shed, store, implement shed and residential quarter.

    Progeny Tree Block:

•  The current choice of kind and variety of fruit crops and collection of true to type mother plants have strong bearing on the success and goodwill of a nursery industry.
• Suitable fruit crops should be selected to meet the demand of the customers.
• There should be a collection of good number of promising varieties of popular crops to make a wide choice.
• The progeny tree should be healthy, disease free, genetically true to type and free from pest attack.
•  The pedigree of these plants should be known to the nursery man.

    Propagation Structures:

        structures like green house, glass house, poly house, hot bed, cold frames, lath house, shade house, mist house are used to create congenial condition for the propagation of plants.

Climacteric and Non Climacteric fruits

Climacteric fruits produce much larger amount of ethylene than non climacteric fruits.

In simple terms , 
 
Climacteric fruits ripen when harvested and kept outside , but Non climacteric fruits do not ripen after harvesting from the plant

Climacteric fruits are -->  Mango, Banana, Sapota, Guava, Papaya, Apple, Fig, Peach, Pear, Plum, Annona,Tomato

 

Non Climacteric fruits are --> Citrus, Grape, Pomegranate Pineapple Litchi, Ber, Jamun, Cashew, Cucumber, Cherry, Strawberry

Types of fruits -classification fruit morphology

Fruit morphology:


1) Simple fruit - Berry: Banana, Papaya, Grape, Sapota, and Avocado
 
2) Modified berry  -

i. Balusta : Pomegranate
ii. Amphisarca : Woodapple, Bael
iii. Pepo : Water melon
iv. Pome : Apple, Pear, Laquat
v. Drupe (Stone) : Mango, Pear, Plum
vi. Hesperidium : Citrus
vii. Nut : Cashew, Litchi, Walnut, Rambutan
viii. Capsule : Anola, Carambola

3) Aggregate fruits : Etario of berries –Custard apple, Raspberry

4) Multiple fruit :

  Syconus- Fig
  Sorosis- Jackfruit, Pineapple, Mulberry

Temperate , Tropical and Subtropical fruits - classification of fruits

Classification of fruits based on climate adaptability

In this classification, the fruits trees are categorized into three recognized groups.

i. Temperate fruits:

*Temperate fruit plants are exacting in their climate requirement.

*They are grown only in place where winter is distinctly cold, require as exposure of specific chilling temperature for certain period without which they do not flower.
* These fruit plants are generally deciduous and stand frost.

 

 Eg. Apple, almond, peach, pear, plum, strawberry, apricot, persimmon, cherymoya, walnut, peanut, hassle nut, cherry, pistachios and kiwifruits etc.

ii. Tropical fruits:

* Tropical fruit plants are generally evergreen and are extremely sensitive to cold.
* They do well under lesser fluctuations of diurnal temperature, light and dark periods they require a moist warm climate but are capable of withstanding dry weather in some cases

Eg; mango, banana, papaya, sapota, etc.,

iii. Sub-tropical fruits:

 

* The fruit crops grown under a climatic condition between temperate and the tropical are known as subtropical fruit crops.

*They may be either deciduous or evergreen and are usually able to withstand a low temperature but not the frost.
* They are also quite adoptive to fluctuations of light and dark period during day and night.
* Some subtropical fruit plants require chilling for flower bud differentiation.

 

 Example; grape, citrus, durian, jackfruit, etc., 

Short , Long day and day neutral plants - examples

Short-day plants


Strawberry, Chrysanthemum, Cosmos bipinnatus, Aster, Poinsettia, Impetiens balsamina (Balsam), Salvia occidentalis, Euphorbia pulcherrima, Xanthium pensylxanicum, Rice, Some soyabean varieties and Tobacco.


Long-day plants

Spinach, Beet, Radish, Potato, Hibiscus syriacus, Hyoscyamus niger, Anethum graveolens (Dill), Plantago lanceolata and Wheat




Day-neutral plants


Most of the fruit crops, Tomato, Pepper, Cucumber, Mirabilis (Four O Clock plant), Cotton, Certain varieties of peas, Buck wheat and Snapdragon.

Fruit classification based on climate- Tropical , Temperate and Subtropical

Broadly based on climate fruits can be classified as follows :


1. Tropical : Mango, Banana, Papaya, Sapota, Pineapple, Coconut, Cashew, Arecanut, Breadfruit, Jackfruit and Avocado.

2. Subtropical: Guava, Grape, Citrus, Date palm, Phalsa, Pomegranate, Litchi and Loquat.

3. Temperate: Apple, Pear, Peach, Plum, Quince, Apricot, Walnut, Almond, Strawberry and Cherry.

Horticultural regions in India

India can broadly be divided into 6 major horticultural zones / regions based on the climate , rainfall , humidity etc , they are ::

1. Temperate:  Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, North Uttaranchal, Sikkim and part of Arunachal
Pradesh. 

2. N.W. Subtropical:  Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Central Uttar Pradesh and North M.P.

3. N.E. Subtropical: Bihar, Jharkhand, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur.

4. Central tropical: South Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Orissa and West
Bengal.

5. Southern tropical: Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

6. Coastal tropical humid: Konkan, Goa, Kerala, Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats in Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh and Orissa.

Research organisations of Horticulture in India

RESEARCH ORGANISATIONS IN HORTICULTURE


1. Indian Institute of Horticultural Research(IIHR), Bangalore
2. Indian Institute of Vegetable Research(IIVR), Varanashi
3. Indian Institute of Spices Research(IISR), Calicut, Kerala
4. Central Institute of sub-tropical Horticulture(CISH), Lucknow
5. Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture(CITH), Srinagar
6. Central Potato Research Institute(CPRI), Kufri, Shimla
7. Central Tuber Crops Research Institute(CTCRI), Thiruvananthapuram,Kerala
8. Central Plantation Crops Research Institute(CPCRI) Kasargod,Kerala
9. Central Institute of Arid Horticulture(CIAH), Bikaner, Rajasthan
10. Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology(CIPHET), Ferozepur, Punjab
11. ICAR Research Complex for Goa, Ela, Old Goa
12. ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region. Barapani, Meghalaya
13. National Research Centre for Banana. Trichirapalli, Tamil Nadu
14. National Research Centre for Citrus, Nagpur, Maharastra
15. National Research Centre for Onion and Garlic, Pune, Maharastra
16. National Research Centre for Grape, Pune, Maharastra
17. National Research Centre for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Anand, Gujarat
18. National Research Centre for Mushroom, Solan
19. National Research Centre for Orchid, Gangtok, Sikkim
20. National Research Centre for Cashew nut, Puttur, Karnataka
21. National Research Centre for Seed Spices, Ajmer, Rajasthan
22. National Research Centre for Oil Palm, Eluru, Andhra Pradesh
23. National Research Centre for Pomegranate, Solapur, Maharastra
24. National Research Centre for Makhana, Patna, Bihar
25. National Research Centre for Litchi, Muzaffarpur, Bihar
26. National Horticulture Board(NHB), Gurgaon, Haryana

Basic differences between fruits and vegetables

Vegetables X Fruits

1. Most of the vegetables are annuals --- Fruit plants are perennial in nature

2. Mostly majority of them are sexually propagated --- Fruit plant are sexually and asexually
propagated

3. Cultivation of vegetable is seasonal and special techniques like pruning and training are generally not required ---- Fruit plants require special practices like training and pruning and are required seasonally.

4. Vegetable plants are generally non-woody --- Fruit plants are generally woody in nature

5. All parts of the plant are edible --- Only fruit is edible but sometimes false fruit also edible (eg. Fleshy thalamus of apple)

6. Generally consumed after cooking --- Mostly consumed raw after ripening

Vegetable crops - Indian scenario

VEGETABLE CROPS:

• More than 40 vegetables belonging to Solanaceaeous, cucurbitaceous, leguminous, cruciferous, root crops and leafy vegetables are grown in Indian tropical, sub-tropical and temperate regions.

•  Important vegetables grown in India are onion, tomato, potato, brinjal, peas, beans, okra, chilli, cabbage, cauliflower, bottle gourd, cucumber, watermelon, carrot, radish etc.

•  India ranks second in vegetable production next to China w.r.t. area and production contributing 13.38 % to the total world production.

• India occupies first position in cauliflower, second in Onion, third in cabbage in the world.

•  West Bengal, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka are the important states forhorticultural crop production

India - Fruit crops scenario

FRUIT CROPS:

•  India is the second largest producer of fruits after Brazil.

• A large variety of fruit crops are grown in India. Of these, mango, banana, citrus, papaya, guava, pineapple, sapota, jackfruit, litchi, grapes, apple, pear, peach, plum, walnut etc. are the important ones.
  

•  India accounts for 10 per cent of the total world production of fruits.

•  It leads the world in the production of mango, banana, sapota and acid lime besides recording highest productivity in grape.
  

• The leading fruit growing states are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.